QML (Qt Meta Language or Qt Modeling Language) is a user interface markup language. It is a JavaScript-based, declarative language for designing user interface-centric applications. It is part of Qt Quick, the UI creation kit developed by Nokia within the Qt framework. QML is mainly used for mobile applications where touch input, fluid animations (60 FPS) and user experience are crucial. QML documents describe an object tree of elements. QML elements shipped with Qt are a sophisticated set of building blocks, graphical (e.g., rectangle, image) and behavioral (e.g., state, transition, animation). These elements can be combined to build components ranging in complexity from simple buttons and sliders, to complete internet-enabled programs.
QML elements can be augmented by standard JavaScript both inline and via included .js files. Elements can also be seamlessly integrated and extended by C++ components using the Qt framework.
QML is the language; its runtime is the Javascript V4 engine and Qt Quick is the scenegraph-based UI framework. These are all part of the Qt Declarative module, but the technology is no longer called Qt Declarative.
Adoption
- KDE Plasma 5
- Unity (user interface)
- Hawaii (desktop environment)
- Simple Desktop Display Manager
- Sailfish OS
- BlackBerry 10
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Syntax, semantics
Basic syntax
Example:
Objects are specified by their type, followed by a pair of braces. Object types always begin with a capital letter. In the example above, there are two objects, a Rectangle; and its child, an Image. Between the braces, one can specify information about the object, such as its properties. Properties are specified as property: value. In the example above, we can see the Image has a property named source, which has been assigned the value "pics/logo.png". The property and its value are separated by a colon.
The id property
Each object can be given a special unique property called an id. Assigning an id enables the object to be referred to by other objects and scripts. The first Rectangle element below has an id, "myRect". The second Rectangle element defines its own width by referring to myRect.width, which means it will have the same width value as the first Rectangle element.
Note that an id must begin with a lower-case letter or an underscore, and cannot contain characters other than letters, numbers and underscores.
Property bindings
A property binding specifies the value of a property in a declarative way. The property value is automatically updated if the other properties or data values change, following the reactive programming paradigm.
Property bindings are created implicitly in QML whenever a property is assigned a JavaScript expression. The following QML uses two property bindings to connect the size of the rectangle to that of otherItem.
QML extends a standards-compliant JavaScript engine, so any valid JavaScript expression can be used as a property binding. Bindings can access object properties, make function calls, and even use built-in JavaScript objects like Date and Math.
Example:
States
States are a mechanism to combine changes to properties in a semantic unit. A button for example has a pressed- and a non-pressed state, an address book application could have a read-only and an edit state for contacts. Every element has an "implicit" base state. Every other state is described by listing the properties and values of those elements which differ from the base state.
Example: In the default state, myRect is positioned at 0,0. In the "moved" state, it is positioned at 50,50. Clicking within the mouse area changes the state from the default state to the "moved" state, thus moving the rectangle.
State changes can be animated using Transitions.
For example, adding this code to the above Item element animates the transition to the "moved" state:
Animation
Animations in QML are done by animating properties of objects. Properties of type real, int, color, rect, point, size, and vector3d can all be animated.
QML supports three main forms of animation: basic property animation, transitions, and property behaviors.
The simplest form of animation is a PropertyAnimation, which can animate all of the property types listed above. A property animation can be specified as a value source using the Animation on property syntax. This is especially useful for repeating animations.
The following example creates a bouncing effect:
Qt/C++ integration
QML does not need Qt/C++ knowledge to use, but it can be easily extended via Qt.
Familiar concepts
QML provides direct access to the following concepts from Qt:
- QAction - the action type
- QObject signals and slots - available as functions to call in JavaScript
- QObject properties - available as variables in JavaScript
- QWidget - QDeclarativeView is a QML-displaying widget
- Q*Model - used directly in data binding (e.g. QAbstractItemModel)
Qt signal handlers
Signal handlers allow actions to be taken in response to an event. For instance, the MouseArea element has signal handlers to handle mouse press, release and click:
All signal handlers begin with "on".
Development tools
Because QML and JavaScript are very similar, almost all code editors supporting JavaScript will work. However full support for syntax highlighting, code completion, integrated help, and a WYSIWYG editor are available in the free cross-platform IDE Qt Creator since version 2.1. The version of Creator which ships with commercial versions of Qt has more features in the WYSIWYG editor.
The qml executable can be used to run a QML file as a script. However packaging an application for deployment generally involves writing a simple C++ launcher and packaging the necessary QML files as resources.
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